ALPO COMET NEWS FOR MARCH 2021
A Publication of the Comets Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
By Carl Hergenrother
The monthly Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) Comet News PDF can be found on the ALPO Comets Section website @ http://www.alpo-astr....org/cometblog/. A shorter version of this report is posted here (minus magnitude estimates and figures). The ALPO Comet Section welcomes all comet related observations, whether textual descriptions, images, drawings, magnitude estimates, or spectra. You do not have to be a member of ALPO to submit material, though membership is encouraged. To learn more about the ALPO, please visit us @ http://www.alpo-astronomy.org.
Summary
Not sure if we’ll have any comets brighter than 10th magnitude this month though there are two contenders. C/2020 R4 (ATLAS) may break the magnitude 10 barrier at the end of March but this is uncertain as the comet has not been observed since early January (due to being too close to the Sun). Newly discovered C/2021 D1 (SWAN) is close to the magnitude 10 barrier but it appears likely that it is currently as bright as it will get at 10-11th magnitude. In the meantime, there are many other comets between magnitude 10 and 13 that are good targets for CCD imagers and large aperture visual observers. Though still around 18th magnitude, imagers are encouraged to monitor C/2020 A1 (Leonard) which may become a nice object in December.
Bright Comets (magnitude < 10.0)
C/2020 R4 (ATLAS) – Placing C/2020 R4 (ATLAS) in the brighter than 10th magnitude category may be a stretch for March. When we last saw the comet it was a 11-13th magnitude object in early January. Since then, it has been located too close to the Sun to observe. As March begins, ATLAS will be slowly pulling away from the brightness of dawn. Based on its brightness when last observed in January, the comet may start March around 11th magnitude and brighten to around magnitude 9.9 by the end of March. With no observations for the past month and a half, the predictions here could be off. The fact that no observations were made in late February does suggest it is fainter than predicted.
Perihelion occurs on March 1 at 1.03 au. But what could make this a nice 8-9th magnitude object over the next two months is its close approach to Earth on April 23 at 0.46 au. The comet will become progressively easier to observe in the morning as it moves through Aquarius (Mar 1-2), Capricornus (2-14), and Aquila (14-31).
C/2020 R4 (ATLAS)
T = 2021-Mar-01 q = 1.03 au Max El
Long-period comet – ~930-year orbital period (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 20 39 -11 38 1.029 1.731 31M Aqr 10.8 4 8
2021-Mar-06 20 35 -10 40 1.031 1.621 37M Cap 10.7 8 14
2021-Mar-11 20 30 -09 34 1.040 1.500 43M Cap 10.5 11 19
2021-Mar-16 20 23 -08 14 1.055 1.370 49M Aql 10.4 15 24
2021-Mar-21 20 15 -06 38 1.077 1.233 56M Aql 10.3 20 29
2021-Mar-26 20 05 -04 36 1.105 1.091 63M Aql 10.1 25 34
2021-Mar-31 19 52 -01 57 1.137 0.947 71M Aql 9.9 31 39
2021-Apr-05 19 33 +01 37 1.175 0.804 80M Aql 9.7 39 41
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 9.5, 2.5n = 10.0
Fainter Comets of Interest (generally fainter than magnitude 10.0)
10P/Tempel - Jupiter-family comet 10P/Tempel (formally known as “Tempel 2”) is one of 12 comets to bear the name of discoverer Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel. Though originally from Germany, Tempel made his discoveries while working in Marseilles, Milan, and Florence in France and Italy.
While working at Brera Observatory in Milan, Tempel visually swept up 10P on 1873 July 3. In 1873, 10P had a perihelion distance of 1.34 au. Perihelion has slowly increased since that time to its current value of 1.41 au. The current apparition marks its 24th observed return. It has been seen at every return since its poorly placed 1941 return.
10P/Tempel is one of the more interesting Jupiter-family comets. Its nucleus is a large 11 km in diameter (H ~ 13.6). That combined with its relative inactivity to within 5-6 months before perihelion has allowed astronomers to directly study its nucleus even in modest sized professional telescopes (1-2 meters). Its rotation period of 8.948 hours (in 2010) has been observed to slow down by ~0.004 hours between per apparition though recently this rate of change appears to have slowed. When observing conditions are favorable, the comet has displayed near-nucleus jet features as well as a nicely defined anti-tail or trail (see this image by Francois Kugel from 2010 August 10) showing both kinds of features).
Unfortunately, this is not a good apparition to observe 10P. The comet comes to perihelion nearly on the other side of the Sun when it will be around magnitude 11 but at a solar elongation of only ~30 degrees. To make matters worse, the alignment of the ecliptic and comet’s location in Capricornus (Mar 1-16) and Aquarius (16-31) means northern hemisphere observers will miss out on 10P in March when it is at its brightest. We can all look forward to its next return which will be its best since 1967. On 2026 August 3, 10P will pass within 0.41 au of Earth when it will be closer to magnitude 7.5 in brightness.
10P/Tempel MPC114607
T = 2021-Mar-24 q = 1.41 au Max El
Jupiter-family comet - 5.4-yr orbital period (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 21 06 -16 23 1.434 2.256 26M Cap 11.6 0 6
2021-Mar-06 21 23 -15 35 1.426 2.237 26M Cap 11.4 0 7
2021-Mar-11 21 40 -14 43 1.419 2.221 27M Cap 11.2 0 8
2021-Mar-16 21 57 -13 47 1.415 2.206 28M Cap 11.1 0 10
2021-Mar-21 22 14 -12 47 1.413 2.193 29M Aqr 11.0 0 11
2021-Mar-26 22 30 -11 43 1.413 2.181 30M Aqr 11.1 0 12
2021-Mar-31 22 47 -10 38 1.414 2.172 31M Aqr 11.1 0 13
2021-Apr-05 23 03 -09 30 1.418 2.164 31M Aqr 11.1 0 13
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = -2.7, 2.5n = 80.0 (pre-T)
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 8.2, 2.5n = 8.1 (post-T)
29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann - 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann was discovered photographically in 1927 by German astronomer team Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann. If you image 29P, please consider contributing your observations to the British Astronomical Society’s (BAA) 29P monitoring program coordinated by Richard Miles. You can find more information at the BAA’s “Observing the outbursting comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann” page ( https://britastro.org/node/18562 ).
29P is slowly sinking into the evening sky at the end of dusk. It is already lost to southern observers due to its location north of the Sun in Aries.
29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann
T = 2019-Mar-07 q = 5.77 au Max El
Centaur comet - 14.8-yr orbital period (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 02 33 +24 10 5.861 6.234 63E Ari 15.7 46 3
2021-Mar-06 02 36 +24 17 5.862 6.306 59E Ari 15.7 41 1
2021-Mar-11 02 39 +24 25 5.863 6.374 55E Ari 15.7 37 0
2021-Mar-16 02 42 +24 34 5.865 6.439 50E Ari 15.7 33 0
2021-Mar-21 02 46 +24 44 5.866 6.501 46E Ari 15.7 29 0
2021-Mar-26 02 50 +24 54 5.867 6.559 42E Ari 15.8 25 0
2021-Mar-31 02 53 +25 05 5.868 6.612 38E Ari 15.8 21 0
2021-Apr-05 02 57 +25 17 5.870 6.661 34E Ari 15.8 17 0
C/2019 N1 (ATLAS) – C/2019 N1 (ATLAS) is a dynamically new long-period comet discovered by on 2019 July 5 at 18th magnitude. As is characteristic for a dynamically new long-period comet, N1 has brightened very slowly since discovery (at a 2.5n rate ~ 7.5). Last month, Chris Wyatt placed C/2019 N1 at magnitude 13.2 on January 23 and 12.8 on the 25th. Other reports to the COBS site place the comet as bright as 11.9. This month, it is only visible from the southern hemisphere as it moves through Octans (Mar 1-10), Hydrus (10-31) and passes within a few degrees of the celestial south pole at the end of the month.
C/2019 N1 (ATLAS)
T = 2020-Dec-01 q = 1.70 au Max El
Long-period comet – Dynamically new (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 23 49 -88 04 2.048 1.965 80E Oct 12.6 0 40
2021-Mar-06 02 19 -84 52 2.084 1.997 80E Oct 12.7 0 42
2021-Mar-11 02 54 -81 26 2.120 2.035 81E Hyi 12.8 0 43
2021-Mar-16 03 11 -78 09 2.157 2.077 80E Hyi 12.9 0 45
2021-Mar-21 03 23 -75 04 2.195 2.124 80E Hyi 13.0 0 45
2021-Mar-26 03 32 -72 13 2.234 2.173 80E Hyi 13.1 0 46
2021-Mar-31 03 41 -69 35 2.274 2.226 79E Hyi 13.2 0 46
2021-Apr-05 03 48 -67 09 2.314 2.281 79E Ret 13.3 0 46
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 8.8, 2.5n = 7.5
C/2020 T2 (Palomar) – Dmitry Duev of the California Institute of Technology identified this 19th magnitude comet during the course of the Zwicky Transient Facility survey with the Palomar 1.2-m Schmidt telescope on 2020 October 7. Pre-discovery observations from Pan-STARRS and the Mount Lemmon Survey were found as far back as 2019 December 11.
C/2020 T2 is a long-period comet with an orbital period of ~5800 years and is still months from its 2021 July 11 perihelion at 2.05 au. Observations submitted to the COBS site show C/2020 T2 rapidly brightening from around magnitude 17 in late December to 13 in late February. In fact, a fit to that data shows a 2.5n ~ 30 rate of brightening. The prediction below is for a more “normal” rate (2.5n = 10) as it is unlikely a 2.5n = 30 rate is sustainable through perihelion.
The comet is well placed for northern observers as it moves through Canes Venatici (Mar 1-11), Bootes (11-18), and back into Canes Venatici (18-31) near opposition. Southern observers can observe C/2020 T2 as well though it’ll be a lowish object.
C/2020 T2 (Palomar)
T = 2021-Jul-11 q = 2.05 au Max El
Long-period comet – ~5800-year orbital period (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 14 04 +31 03 2.572 1.836 128M CVn 12.8 81 19
2021-Mar-06 14 06 +31 43 2.539 1.779 130M CVn 12.7 82 18
2021-Mar-11 14 07 +32 21 2.506 1.726 132M CVn 12.6 82 18
2021-Mar-16 14 07 +32 56 2.474 1.677 133M Boo 12.5 83 17
2021-Mar-21 14 07 +33 27 2.442 1.632 135M CVn 12.3 83 17
2021-Mar-26 14 06 +33 53 2.412 1.592 136M CVn 12.2 84 16
2021-Mar-31 14 04 +34 12 2.382 1.555 136M CVn 12.1 84 16
2021-Apr-05 14 02 +34 23 2.354 1.523 136M CVn 12.0 84 16
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 7.4, 2.5n = 10.0
C/2020 A1 (Leonard) – The 10th comet to bear Catalina Sky Survey astronomer Greg Leonard’s name was found on 2021 January 3 with the Mount Lemmon 1.5-m reflector. C/2020 A1 (Leonard) was around magnitude 19 and located at a distance of 5.1 au from the Sun at discovery. Pre-discovery observations from Mount Lemmon and PANSTARRS have been found back to April 2020 (when the comet was 7.5 au from the Sun). C/Leonard is a dynamically old long-period comets with an orbital period of ~70,000 years.
Perihelion arrives on 2022 January 3 at 0.62 au. As a result, Leonard has the potential to be a nice object at the end of 2021. Prior to perihelion, the comet makes a close approach to Earth on December 12 at 0.233 au (34.9 million km or 21.7 million miles) and close approach to Venus on 2021 December 18 at 0.028 au (4.2 million km or 2.6 million miles). From Earth, the phase angle will reach a maximum of 160.5 degrees on December 14. Such a large phase angle may result in enhanced brightness due to forward scattering by dust in the coma and tail. Without forward scattering, the comet’s current rate of brightening (2.5n = 8) suggests a peak brightness around magnitude 6. If the comet proves to be dust-rich, forward scattering could add an additional 3-4 magnitudes in mid-December (so more like magnitude 2 to 3). Though as exciting as that sounds, the comet will be at a solar elongation of only 15 degrees at that time so a difficult object to observe.
I was able to observe the comet a few times with iTelescope 0.51-m and 0.61-m telescopes. The following photometry was conducted on unfiltered image data calibrated with V-band reference stars: Jan. 17.47, V = 19.1; Feb. 7.39, 18.7; and Feb. 22.46, 18.5. Although data submitted to the MPC going back to April 2020 produce a rapid brightening rate of 2.5n ~17, a fit to my data suggest its current rate of brightening has slowed to a more “normal” 2.5n ~ 8. That rate still predicts a peak brightness (without any forward scattering enhancement) of 6th magnitude.
In the meantime, imagers are encouraged to follow its development as the comet can be observed without interruption this year (at least from the northern hemisphere as it is currently located Ursa Major). Visual observers may have to wait till September to observe the comet when it will be around 13-14th magnitude. This month, Leonard will still be a faint object around 18th magnitude as its distance from the Sun drops from 3.9 to 3.6 au.
C/2021 A1 (Leonard)
T = 2022-Jan-03 q = 0.61 au Max El
Long-period comet – Dynamically old (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 13 47 +53 54 4.488 3.892 121M UMa 18.3 76 0
2021-Mar-06 13 41 +55 12 4.434 3.832 121M UMa 18.3 75 0
2021-Mar-11 13 33 +56 26 4.380 3.779 121M UMa 18.2 74 0
2021-Mar-16 13 24 +57 36 4.326 3.733 120M UMa 18.1 72 0
2021-Mar-21 13 14 +58 40 4.272 3.694 119M UMa 18.1 71 0
2021-Mar-26 13 03 +59 37 4.218 3.661 117M UMa 18.0 70 0
2021-Mar-31 12 51 +60 24 4.163 3.634 115M UMa 17.9 70 0
2021-Apr-05 12 39 +61 02 4.107 3.613 112M UMa 17.9 69 0
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 10.2, 2.5n = 8.0
C/2020 A2 (NEOWISE) – Jana Chesley (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) reported the discovery of this comet in images taken on 2021 January 3 by the NEOWISE spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. Though estimated to have a visual magnitude of magnitude 15 by NEOWISE, ground-based visual observers were able to observe the comet as it peaked a little shy of magnitude 10.0 in late January and early February. Chris Wyatt spotted A2 at magnitude 10.3 on February 2.
Perihelion occurred on 2021 January 22 at 1.41 au and a close approach to Earth of 0.50 au on February 3. As a result, the comet is now fading as it recedes from the Sun and Earth. Moving north through the winter Milky Way constellation of Auriga (Mar 1-31), C/2021 A2 will only be visible to northern observers by mid-month.
C/2021 A2 (NEOWISE)
T = 2021-Jan-22 q = 1.41 au Max El
Long-period comet (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 05 23 +36 02 1.511 0.957 101E Aur 12.2 83 11
2021-Mar-06 05 13 +39 24 1.538 1.090 95E Aur 12.5 78 7
2021-Mar-11 05 07 +42 01 1.567 1.224 89E Aur 12.9 72 3
2021-Mar-16 05 02 +44 08 1.599 1.358 84E Aur 13.2 67 0
2021-Mar-21 04 59 +45 53 1.633 1.491 79E Aur 13.5 62 0
2021-Mar-26 04 58 +47 24 1.669 1.621 74E Aur 13.7 57 0
2021-Mar-31 04 58 +48 44 1.706 1.749 70E Aur 14.0 53 0
2021-Apr-05 04 59 +49 56 1.746 1.873 67E Aur 14.3 49 0
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 10.5, 2.5n = 10.0
C/2021 A4 (NEOWISE) – NEOWISE detected this object as a new fast moving asteroidal object in data taken on January 3. Follow-up ground-based observers found the comet to be around 18th magnitude in the days following discovery. Around a month later in early February, imagers reported a significantly brighter C/2021 A4 at 13th magnitude. It was around this time, on February 12, that the comet passed 0.43 au from Earth. Since then, the comet’s geocentric distance has been increasing but any apparent fading has been offset by a rapid intrinsic brightening as the comet approaches a March 20 perihelion at 1.15 au. The comet should still be around 12-13th magnitude as March begins though it may fade as the month progresses.
It is observable from both hemispheres as it moves through the evening constellations of Taurus (Mar 1-16) and Eridanus (16-31). Its orbital period is a relatively short ~300 years.
C/2021 A4 (NEOWISE)
T = 2021-Mar-20 q = 1.15 au Max El
Long-period comet – ~300-year orbital period (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 04 32 +15 55 1.185 0.676 88E Tau 12.8 60 26
2021-Mar-06 04 24 +09 08 1.167 0.796 80E Tau 13.0 50 29
2021-Mar-11 04 19 +04 11 1.155 0.921 74E Tau 13.1 42 31
2021-Mar-16 04 16 +00 27 1.148 1.047 68E Tau 13.3 34 32
2021-Mar-21 04 14 -02 29 1.146 1.170 63E Eri 13.5 28 32
2021-Mar-26 04 13 -04 53 1.150 1.289 58E Eri 13.8 21 31
2021-Mar-31 04 12 -06 54 1.160 1.402 54E Eri 14.1 15 31
2021-Apr-05 04 12 -08 37 1.174 1.508 51E Eri 14.4 10 30
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 11.2, 2.5n = 33.6
C/2021 D1 (SWAN) – The latest comet discovery was found in data taken with the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft. Although the discovery involved spacecraft data, it was pretty much a 100% amateur effort. Michael Mattiazzo of Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia first reported the comet on February 25 in SWAN images going back to February 19. After reporting the find on the comets-ml, a number of ground-based observers started hunting for the possible comet. While there was some doubt of its reality, which was even shared by Mattiazzo, Michael Jaeger was able to image the comet on February 28 at around magnitude 10.8.
Check out former ALPO Comets Section Recorder Don Machholz’s podcast, Looking Up with Don #61 (SWAN discussion starting around minute 14), for a nice rundown of the story behind SWAN’s discovery.
The Minor Planet Center published an orbit with a Halley-like orbital period of ~77 years, while Seiichi Nakano and the Central Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams published an e=1 assumed orbit. We’ll know more about whether it is a Halley-type or long-period comet as more observations are made. What we do know is that perihelion was back on 2021 February 27 at 0.90 au. The comet is currently on the other side of the Sun from Earth, so this isn’t a very good apparition, and the comet is unlikely to become any brighter.
This month, it is observable low in the western evening sky in Pegasus (Mar 1-9), Pisces (9-12), Andromeda (12-17), Pisces (17-25), and Triangulum (25-31) from the northern hemisphere.
C/2021 D1 (SWAN)
T = 2021-Feb-27 q = 0.90 au Max El
Long-period comet (deg)
Date R.A. Decl. r d Elong Const Mag 40N 40S
2021-Mar-01 23 31 +13 43 0.895 1.703 24E Peg 10.8 5 0
2021-Mar- 6 23 55 +17 08 0.902 1.683 25E Peg 10.8 7 0
2021-Mar-11 00 19 +20 24 0.917 1.671 27E Psc 10.8 9 0
2021-Mar-16 00 45 +23 26 0.941 1.667 29E And 10.9 11 0
2021-Mar-21 01 12 +26 10 0.971 1.673 31E Psc 11.0 13 0
2021-Mar-26 01 40 +28 33 1.008 1.689 32E Tri 11.2 15 0
2021-Mar-31 02 09 +30 30 1.050 1.714 34E Tri 11.3 16 0
2021-Apr-05 02 37 +32 02 1.096 1.749 35E Tri 11.5 18 0
Comet Magnitude Parameters --- H = 10.0, 2.5n = 8.0 [CBET 4939]
New Discoveries, Recoveries and Other Comets in the News
Newly Numbered Comets (from M.P.C. 127300)
- 410P = 2005 CR16 = 2003 WR168 = 2020 W2 (NEAT-LINEAR)
- 411P = 2007 B1 = 2020 W3 (Christensen)
- 412P = 2010 B2 = 2020 Y1 (WISE)
- 413P = 2014 E1 = 2020 W4 (Larson)
- 414P = 2016 J3 = 2021 A3 (STEREO)
- 415P = 2013 EW90 = 2020 Y4 (Tenagra)
- 416P = 2013 A2 = 2021 A8 (Scotti)
- 417P = 2015 J3 = 2021 B1 (NEOWISE)
- 418P = 2010 A5 = 2020 Y5 (LINEAR)
C/2021 C3 (Catalina) – The Catalina Sky Survey used the 0.68-m Catalina Schmidt near Mount Bigelow, north of Tucson, to discover this 19th magnitude comet on February 7. Perihelion occurred on 2021 February 12 at 2.28 au. Minimum distance to the Earth will happen in mid-March at 1.33 au. Around that time C/2021 C3 will reach a maximum brightness around magnitude 18.0.
P/2021 C2 (PANSTARRS) – The Pan-STARRS1 1.8-m Ritchey-Chretien reflector at Haleakala was used to discover this 21st magnitude comet on February 12. The object is a borderline Centaur with a perihelion just inside Jupiter’s orbit at 4.89 au, aphelion at 14.2 au, and orbital period of 29.46 years. The object is currently close to its 2021 March 2 perihelion and peak brightness.
C/2021 C1 (Rankin) – David Rankin found the 7th comet to bear his name on February 11 with the Mount Lemmon 1.5-m reflector. Perihelion was back on 2020 December 6 at 3.48 au. Peak brightness will be reached in late March at magnitude 19.1 as C/2021 C1 passes through opposition.
C/2021 B3 (NEOWISE) – The NEOWISE spacecraft discovered its 36th comet on January 22. Of its discoveries, 16 carry the ‘WISE’ name and 16 the ‘NEOWISE’ names. C/2021 B3 was around 18-19th magnitude at discovery. It is a Halley-family comet with an orbital period of 136 30 years. Perihelion is on 2021 March 11 at 2.16 au. The comet should have already peaked at 18th magnitude last month.
P/2021 A11 = P/2015 F1 (PANSTARRS) – Erwan Schwab reported his recovery of P/2015 F1 (PANSTARRS) on images taken on 2021 January 13 and February 10, 13, and 14 with the 0.8-m f/3 Schmidt reflector at Calar Alto, Spain and 1.0-m f/4.4 reflector at the European Space Agency's Optical Ground Station at Tenerife. The recovery team also included D. Koschny, M. Micheli, and E. Petrescu. Perihelion is still a few months away on 2021 October 27 at 2.54 au.
P/2015 F1 was discovered on 2015 March 21. During that apparition is peaked at 15th-16th magnitude. Currently the comet is running about 2.5-3 magnitudes fainter than expected. It is unknown if the comet is fainter this apparition or, since it was not observed at a similar point in its orbit last time, it will rapidly brighten in the months prior to perihelion.
C/2021 A10 (NEOWISE) – On January 12th, the NEOWISE spacecraft detected an apparent fast-moving asteroid. After being posted on the MPC PCCP, follow-up observers detected marginal evidence of cometary activity. Seiichi Nakano determined a long-period orbit with a period of ~880 years and perihelion on 2021 March 15 at 1.27 au. A peak brightness of ~18th magnitude should be reached around the time of close approach to Earth (2021 February 10 at 0.58 au).
As always, the Comet Section is happy to receive all comet observations, whether textual descriptions, images, drawings, magnitude estimates, or spectra. Please send your observations via email to < carl.hergenrother @ alpo-astronomy.org >.
Thank you to everyone who contributed to the ALPO Comets Section!
Stay safe and enjoy the sky!
- Carl Hergenrother (ALPO Comets Section Coordinator)
